The Potential Role of Kecombrang (Etlingera Elatior) Extract in Wound Management: A Review on its Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Melanogenesis Effects
Main Article Content
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process critical for tissue repair post-injury. Botanicals, renowned in traditional medicine, hold potential in wound healing due to their bioactive compounds. Etlingera elatior, a Zingiberaceae family member, is attracting attention for its diverse medicinal properties. Indigenous to Southeast Asia, it has been traditionally used for wound care, attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Recent scientific investigations highlight its ability to promote tissue repair, diminish inflammation, and counteract oxidative stress. These findings position Etlingera elatior as a promising candidate for wound healing management, particularly in plastic surgery. However, its clinical translation faces challenges, including limited clinical trials and mechanistic understanding, necessitating standardized extraction methods and regulatory approval. Bridging the gap between botanical therapies and clinical use requires robust clinical trials, mechanistic studies, and formulation optimization. Collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and regulators is pivotal in realizing Etlingera elatior's wound healing potential.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Sorg H, Tilkorn DJ, Hager S, Hauser J, Mirastschijski U. Skin wound healing: An update on the current knowledge and concepts. Eur Surg Res. 2017;58(1-2):81-94. DOI: 10.1159/000454919.
II. Reyzelman AM, Bazarov I. Initial clinical assessment of a novel multifunctional topical ointment for difficult-to-heal wounds: a case series. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2012 Dec;25(12):557-60. DOI: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000423441.00908.05.
III. Juwita T, Melyani Puspitasari I, Levita J. Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior): A review on its botanical aspects, Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Activities. Pak J Biol Sci. 2018 Jan;21(4):151-165. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.151.165.
IV. Sangthong S, Promputtha I, Pintathong P, Chaiwut P. Chemical constituents, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, cytotoxicity, and anti-melanogenesis activities of Etlingera elatior (Jack) leaf essential oils. Molecules. 2022 May 27;27(11):3469. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113469.
V. Whangsomnuek, N.; Mungmai, L.; Mengamphan, K.; Amornlerdpison, D. Anti-aging and whitening properties of bioactive compounds from Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. flower and leaf extracts for cosmetic applications. Maejo. Int. J. Sci. Tech. In Press
VI. Rodrigues M, Kosaric N, Bonham CA, Gurtner GC. Wound healing: A cellular perspective. Physiol Rev. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):665-706. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00067.2017.
VII. Broughton G 2nd, Janis JE, Attinger CE. Wound healing: an overview. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Jun;117(7 Suppl):1e-S-32e-S. DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000222562.60260.f9. PMID: 16801750.
VIII. Guo S, Dipietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res. 2010 Mar;89(3):219-29. DOI: 10.1177/0022034509359125.
IX. Reinke JM, Sorg H. Wound repair and regeneration. Eur Surg Res. 2012;49(1):35-43. DOI: 10.1159/000339613.
X. Wang G, Yang F, Zhou W, Xiao N, Luo M, Tang Z. The initiation of oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies in wound healing. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Jan;157:114004. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114004.
XI. Bowler PG. Wound pathophysiology, infection and therapeutic options. Ann Med. 2002;34(6):419-27. DOI: 10.1080/078538902321012360.
XII. Daeschlein G. Antimicrobial and antiseptic strategies in wound management. Int Wound J. 2013 Dec;10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):9-14. DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12175.
XIII. Mohamad H, Lajis NH, Abas F, Ali AM, Sukari MA, Kikuzaki H, et al. Antioxidative constituents of Etlingera elatior. J Nat Prod. 2005 Feb;68(2):285-8. DOI: 10.1021/np040098l.
XIV. Aboul-Enein HY, Kruk I, Kładna A, Lichszteld K, Michalska T. Scavenging effects of phenolic compounds on reactive oxygen species. Biopolymers. 2007 Jun 15;86(3):222-30. DOI: 10.1002/bip.20725.
XV. Kruk J, Aboul-Enein BH, Duchnik E, Marchlewicz M. Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds and their effect on oxidative stress induced by severe physical exercise. J Physiol Sci. 2022 Aug 5;72(1):19. DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00845-1.
XVI. Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: relative significance in plants and humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Feb 7;14(2):3540-55. DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023540.
XVII. Banjarnahor SDS, Artanti N. Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Med J Indones. 2014 Nov;23(4):239–44.
XVIII. Widowati W, Gunanegara RF, Wargasetia TL, Kusuma HS, Arumwardhana S, Wahyuni CD, et al. Effect of flavonoids on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell markers of peripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells: An in vitro study. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2021;39–42. DOI:10.22159/ijap.2021.v13s3.07.
XIX. González-Burgos E, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Terpene compounds in nature: a review of their potential antioxidant activity. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(31):5319-41. DOI: 10.2174/092986712803833335.
XX. Ling T, Boyd L, Rivas F. Triterpenoids as reactive oxygen species modulators of cell fate. Chem Res Toxicol. 2022 Apr 18;35(4):569-584. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00428.
XXI. Wijekoon MJ, Bhat R, Karim AA. Effect of extraction solvents on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of bunga kantan (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescence. Journal of food composition and analysis. 2011 Jun 1;24(4-5):615-9.
XXII. Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A, Ashkani S. Secondary metabolites constituents and antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activities of Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm grown in different locations of Malaysia. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2015 Dec;15:1-0.
XXIII. Noordin L, Wan Ahmad WAN, Muhamad Nor NA, Abu Bakar NH, Ugusman A. Etlingera elatior flower aqueous extract protects against oxidative stress-induced nephropathy in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Apr 23;2022:2814196. DOI: 10.1155/2022/2814196.
XXIV. Juwita T, H P Pakpahan W, M Puspitasari I, Mekar Saptarini N, Levita J. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith Flower on Gastric Ulceration-induced Wistar Rats. Pak J Biol Sci. 2020 Jan;23(9):1193-1200. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1193.1200.
XXV. Anzian A, Muhialdin BJ, Mohammed NK, Kadum H, Marzlan AA, Sukor R, et al. Antibacterial activity and metabolomics profiling of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior jack) flower oil extracted using subcritical carbon dioxide (CO2). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020:1–8. DOI:10.1155/2020/4373401.
XXVI. Insani FN. Uji efektivitas ekstrak etanol bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) sebagai antimikroba terhadap Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) secara in vitro dengan metode difusi sumuran. [Internet]. Universitas Brawijaya; 2015 [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/124946
XXVII. Syafriana V, Purba RN, Djuhariah YS. Antibacterial activity of kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology. 2021;6(1):58528. DOI:10.22146/jtbb.58528.
XXVIII. Fristiohady A, Wahyuni W, Malik F, Yusuf MI, Salma WO, Hamsidi Ret al. Level of cytokine interleukin-6 and interleukin 1-β on infectious rat model treated with Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith fruit extract as immunomodulator. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2020May21 [cited 2023Aug.8];3(2):52-7. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1318
XXIX. Krajarng A, Chulasiri M, Watanapokasin R. Etlingera elatior extract promotes cell death in B16 melanoma cells via down-regulation of ERK and Akt signaling pathways. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Aug 22;17(1):415. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1921-y.
XXX. Francis M, Williams S. Effectiveness of Indian Turmeric Powder with Honey as Complementary Therapy on Oral Mucositis : A Nursing Perspective among Cancer Patients in Mysore. Nurs J India. 2014 Nov-Dec;105(6):258-60.
XXXI. R TK, Bhat MDA, Zaman R, Najar FA. Efficacy of herbal anti-microbial soap in Tinea corporis: A randomized controlled study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Apr 6;287:114934. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114934.
XXXII. Thomas PL, Kang HK, Rishi KS. Randomized Control Study of the Effects of Turmeric Mouthwash on Oral Health Status, Treatment-Induced Mucositis, and Associated Oral Dysfunctions Among Patients With Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2023 Jan-Feb 01;46(1):36-44. DOI: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000001149.
XXXIII. Setyaningsih R, Prabandari R, Febrina D. Formulasi dan evaluasi salep ekstrak etanol bunga kecombrang (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) r.m.sm.) pada penghambatan Propionibacterium acnes. Pharmacy Genius. 2022;1(1):1–11. DOI:10.56359/pharmgen.v1i01.143.
XXXIV. Pulungan AF, Sitepu DD, Sinaga DM. Formulation of ointment of antibactery ethanol extract of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal. 2018;1(1):1–5. DOI:10.36656/jpfh.v1i1.30.
XXXV. Wardani IG. Efektivitas gel ekstrak bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) sebagai antiinflamasi terhadap mencit yang diinduksi karagenan. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento. 2020;6(1). DOI:10.36733/medicamento.v6i1.808.