How to Safely Drink Your Coffee: An Observational Study of Coffee Serving Temperatures and Scald Risk Considerations

Abstract

Introduction: With burn injuries being a global public health burden, and coffee's increasing popularity in Indonesia and globally, the study investigating the standard brewing temperatures for coffee and the potential risks posed by higher serving temperatures is needed.

Method: We conducted an observational, prospective design study to investigate the temperature at which hot coffee drinks were served to consumers at various coffee outlets in Cirebon, West Java. We measured the initial temperature of the hot coffee at the time of serving and recorded the duration it took for the coffee to reach a milder and recommended safe temperature. We collected data from multiple coffee outlets and determined the average temperature of the served coffee. The study aimed to establish a benchmark for safe serving temperatures, later allowing consumers to enjoy their coffee immediately without risking scald injuries.

Results: The average serving temperature of coffee lattes was 54.1°C. While 80% of coffee outlets adhered to safe serving temperatures (60°C or lower), a significant number still served hotter coffee, putting consumers at risk of scalding injuries.

Discussion: The standard holding temperature for coffee recommended by the Coffee Brewing Center and the Nordic Coffee Center ranges from 80°C to 85°C (175°F to 185°F). However, serving temperatures can exceed this range and pose a risk of scald burns. Extensive research indicates that spills at higher temperatures, up to 82°C (up to 180°F), can cause serious burns. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable due to their thinner skin and slower reflexes. The study found that the average serving temperature of coffee lattes in paper cups was 54.1°C, within the safe threshold for immediate consumption. However, some coffee outlets served hotter coffee, putting customers at risk of scalding injuries. It was also observed that coffee makers and drinkers in tropical countries prefer milder temperatures compared to colder regions.

Conclusion: Hot coffee consumption can lead to burn injuries, especially scalds, which are a significant public health concern. Although recommended brewing and serving temperatures are higher, they pose a scald risk, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. In Cirebon, West Java, the average serving temperature of coffee lattes in paper cups is safe at 54.1°C. However, some coffee outlets serve hotter coffee, endangering customers. To reduce scald burns, coffee outlets should adhere to safe temperatures and educate consumers on cooling time. Safer coffee practices can enhance overall safety and enjoyment of this popular beverage.