Skin Normal and Abnormal Scarring and Tissue Repair

Main Article Content

Lucero Carmen Leon Rocha MD

Abstract

The skin's primary response to any type of aggression is scarring, a physiological process that aims to restore the skin's integrity. The body's defensive mechanisms against tissue injury include the recovery, regeneration, and healing of tissues with the goal of returning the tissue to its regular anatomical and functional state. The main processes that control the amount and functioning of cell populations in normal tissues are cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. Based on their capacity for cell division, tissues are categorised into three groups, each of which has unique cell characteristics. In order to maintain tissue homeostasis and stop the organ from collapsing as a result of cell loss or absence, guide cells or stem cells are essential. Polypeptide growth factors are an example of a chemical mediator that is crucial in regulating cell differentiation and development.

Article Details

How to Cite
Leon Rocha MD, L. C. (2023). Skin Normal and Abnormal Scarring and Tissue Repair. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies, 3(4), 607–611. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmscrs/v3-i4-03
Section
Articles

References

I. Morrison, I., Löken, L. S., & Olausson, H. (2010). The skin as a social organ. Experimental brain research, 204, 305-314.

II. Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., Elsner, P., & Maibach, H. I. (2007). Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review. Cutaneous and ocular toxicology, 26(4), 343-357.

III. Chuong, C. M., Nickoloff, B. J., Elias, P. M., Goldsmith, L. A., Macher, E., Maderson, P. A., ... & Christophers, E. (2002). What is the'true'function of skin?. Experimental dermatology, 11(2), 159-187.

IV. Giannoudis, P. V., Einhorn, T. A., & Marsh, D. (2007). Fracture healing: the diamond concept. injury, 38, S3-S6.

V. Kirsner, R. S., & Eaglstein, W. H. (1993). The wound healing process. Dermatologic clinics, 11(4), 629-640.

VI. Sultan, M. T., Lee, O. J., Kim, S. H., Ju, H. W., & Park, C. H. (2018). Silk fibroin in wound healing process. Novel Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine, 115-126.

VII. Abazari, M., Ghaffari, A., Rashidzadeh, H., Badeleh, S. M., & Maleki, Y. (2022). A systematic review on classification, identification, and healing process of burn wound healing. The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 21(1), 18-30.

VIII. Burnstock, G., & Verkhratsky, A. (2010). Long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling: purinoceptors control cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Cell death & disease, 1(1), e9-e9.

IX. Lippens, S., Hoste, E., Vandenabeele, P., Agostinis, P., & Declercq, W. (2009). Cell death in the skin. Apoptosis, 14, 549-569.

X. Geilen, C. G., Wieder, T., & Orfanos, C. E. (1997). Ceramide signalling: regulatory role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in human epidermis. Archives of dermatological research, 289(10), 559-566.

XI. Haake, A. R., & Polakowska, R. R. (1993). Cell death by apoptosis in epidermal biology. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 101(2), 107-112.

XII. Korsmeyer, S. J. (1995). Regulators of cell death. Trends in Genetics, 11(3), 101-105.

XIII. Wilson, S. E., & Kim, W. J. (1998). Keratocyte apoptosis: implications on corneal wound healing, tissue organization, and disease. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 39(2), 220-226.

XIV. Baba, A. I., & Câtoi, C. (2007). Comparative oncology (pp. 87-407). Bucharest: Publishing House of the Romanian Academy.

XV. Malik, V., & Wang, J. (2022). Pursuing totipotency: Authentic totipotent stem cells in culture. Trends in Genetics.

XVI. Bozdağ, S. C., Yüksel, M. K., & Demirer, T. (2018). Adult stem cells and medicine. Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 1: Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Advances and Challenges, 17-36.

XVII. Cai, J., Chen, H., Xie, S., Hu, Z., & Bai, Y. (2022). Research Progress of Totipotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells and Development, 31(13-14), 335-345.

XVIII. Poulsom, R., Alison, M. R., Forbes, S. J., & Wright, N. A. (2002). Adult stem cell plasticity. The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 197(4), 441-456.

XIX. Wagers, A. J., & Weissman, I. L. (2004). Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell, 116(5), 639-648.

XX. Tang, D. G. (2012). Understanding cancer stem cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Cell research, 22(3), 457-472.

XXI. Alonso, L., & Fuchs, E. (2003). Stem cells of the skin epithelium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(suppl_1), 11830-11835.

XXII. Esrefoglu, M. (2013). Role of stem cells in repair of liver injury: experimental and clinical benefit of transferred stem cells on liver failure. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 19(40), 6757.

XXIII. Alberti, P., Semperboni, S., Cavaletti, G., & Scuteri, A. (2022). Neurons: The Interplay between Cytoskeleton, Ion Channels/Transporters and Mitochondria. Cells, 11(16), 2499.

XXIV. Shafi, O., & Siddiqui, G. (2022). Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes/signaling pathways in GBM development: A systematic review. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 20(1), 1-33.

XXV. Pallafacchina, G., Blaauw, B., & Schiaffino, S. (2013). Role of satellite cells in muscle growth and maintenance of muscle mass. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23, S12-S18.

XXVI. Boonen, K. J., & Post, M. J. (2008). The muscle stem cell niche: regulation of satellite cells during regeneration. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 14(4), 419-431.

XXVII. Bhatia, M., & Moochhala, S. (2004). Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 202(2), 145-156.

XXVIII. Owens, G. K., Kumar, M. S., & Wamhoff, B. R. (2004). Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiological reviews, 84(3), 767-801.

XXIX. Burgess, A. W. (1989). Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor α. British medical bulletin, 45(2), 401-424.

XXX. Lemaigre, F. P. (2009). Mechanisms of liver development: concepts for understanding liver disorders and design of novel therapies. Gastroenterology, 137(1), 62-79.

XXXI. Detmar, M. (2000). The role of VEGF and thrombospondins in skin angiogenesis. Journal of dermatological science, 24, S78-S84.

XXXII. Raica, M., & Cimpean, A. M. (2010). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF receptors (PDGFR) axis as target for antitumor and antiangiogenic therapy. Pharmaceuticals, 3(3), 572-599.

XXXIII. Hull, K. L., & Harvey, S. (2014). Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. International journal of endocrinology, 2014.

XXXIV. Martin, P., & Leibovich, S. J. (2005). Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly. Trends in cell biology, 15(11), 599-607.

XXXV. Krafts, K. P. (2010). Tissue repair: The hidden drama. Organogenesis, 6(4), 225-233.

XXXVI. Diller, R. B., & Tabor, A. J. (2022). The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in wound healing: a review. Biomimetics, 7(3), 87.

XXXVII. Zhu, Z., Ding, J., & Tredget, E. E. (2016). The molecular basis of hypertrophic scars. Burns & trauma, 4.

XXXVIII. Czubryt, M. P. (2012). Common threads in cardiac fibrosis, infarct scar formation, and wound healing. Fibrogenesis & tissue repair, 5(1), 1-11.

XXXIX. Enoch, S., & Leaper, D. J. (2008). Basic science of wound healing. Surgery (Oxford), 26(2), 31-37.

XL. Zitelli, J. A. (1984). Secondary intention healing: an alternative to surgical repair. Clinics in dermatology, 2(3), 92-106.

XLI. Guo, S. A., & DiPietro, L. A. (2010). Factors affecting wound healing. Journal of dental research, 89(3), 219-229.

XLII. Sen, C. K. (2009). Wound healing essentials: let there be oxygen. Wound repair and regeneration, 17(1), 1-18.

XLIII. Monaco, J. L., & Lawrence, W. T. (2003). Acute wound healing: an overview. Clinics in plastic surgery, 30(1), 1-12.

XLIV. Bayat, A., McGrouther, D. A., & Ferguson, M. W. J. (2003). Skin scarring. Bmj, 326(7380), 88-92.

XLV. Limandjaja, G. C., Niessen, F. B., Scheper, R. J., & Gibbs, S. (2021). Hypertrophic scars and keloids: Overview of the evidence and practical guide for differentiating between these abnormal scars. Experimental Dermatology, 30(1), 146-161.

XLVI. Bayat, A., & McGrouther, D. A. (2006). Spectrum of abnormal skin scars and their clinical management. British Journal of Hospital Medicine (2005), 67(10), 527-532.