Reviewing a Scarless Wound Healing:From Embryology to Post-Wound Management

Main Article Content

Fathi Tsamara Ghufroon Rifai
Abiel Amazia Putri
Agastya Bayuasa Rattananda
Ahmad Fawzy

Abstract

Introduction: Scarring happens after trauma, injury or surgery to any tissue or organ in the body. Disturbing perceptions like pain, itchiness or tenderness from one perspective, and functional limitations in the form of contractures on the other, are ramification of problematic scars. In addition, scar esthetics can also have a negative influence on psychosocial factors. Various treatment options described in the literature include chemical, physical, and surgical methods. The purpose of physical scar treatment is primarily focused on preventing inappropriate healing of the skin


Methods: This literature review was compiled using information from numerous web databases, including NCBI, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pubmed. Data were analyzed.


Results: Good wound management is to reduce the incidence of scar tissue in the wound. Embryonic scarless wound healing is a form of wound healing in the embryo and results in scarless wounds. Many in vivo studies have been carried out on several experimental animals, and the molecules that play a role are examined. Molecules that play a role in scarless and scarring wound healing are TGF-β 1, 2, and 3. TGF-β 1 and 2 play a role in the formation of scar tissue, while TGF-β3 plays a role in tissue regeneration. There is a hypothesis that TGF-β3 injected into the tissue will help wound healing and increase tissue regeneration so that scarless wound healing occurs.


Conclusion:. Molecules that play a role in scarless and scarring wound healing are TGF-β 1, 2, and 3. TGF-β 1 and 2 play a role in the formation of scar tissue, while TGF-β3 plays a role in tissue regeneration. Scarless and scarring wound healing is not only based on the molecules that play a role but healing time and injured tissue also have an effect on wound formation. scarring and scarless wound healing can also occur in the same individual and the same individual tissue

Article Details

How to Cite
Rifai, F. T. G., Putri, A. A., Rattananda, A. B. ., & Fawzy, A. . (2023). Reviewing a Scarless Wound Healing:From Embryology to Post-Wound Management. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies, 3(02), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmscrs/v3-i2-22
Section
Articles

References

I. Ferguson, M.W.J. and S.O. Kane. 2004. Scar-Free Healing: From Embryonic Mechanisms to Adult Therapeutic Intervention. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Vol 359 (1): 839–850

II. Meirte J, van Loey NEE, Maertens K, et al. 2014. Classification of quality of life subscales within the ICF framework in burn research: Identifying overlaps and gaps. Burns. Vol 40 (1) :1353–1359

III. Bell L, McAdams T, Morgan R, et al. 1988. Pruritus in burns: A descriptive study. J Burn Care Rehabil. Vol 9 (1):305–308

IV. Gurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, et al. 2008. Wound repair and regeneration. Nature. Vol 453 (1) :314–321

V. Beausang E, Floyd H, Dunn KW et al., 1998. A new quantitative scale for clinical scar assessment. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 102 (6): 1995-1961.

VI. Mustoe TA, Cooter RD, Gold MH, et al. 2002. International clinical recommendations on scar management. Plast Reconstr Surg. Vol 110 (1):560–571

VII. Anthonissen M, Daly D, Janssens T, et al. 2016. The effects of conservative treatments on burn scars: A systematic review. Burns. Vol 42 (1):508–518

VIII. Zhang YT, Li-Tsang CWP, Au RKC. 2017. A systematic review on the effect of mechanical stretch on hypertrophic scars after burn injuries. Hong Kong J Occup Ther. Vol 29 (1):1–9

IX. Whitby DJ, Ferguson MWJ. 1991. Immunohistochemical localization of growth factors in fetal wound healing. Developmental Biology. 147: 207-215

X. Monavarian M, Kader S, Moeinzadeh S, Jabbari E. 2019. Regenerative Scar-Free Skin Wound Healing. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. Vol 25(4):294-311

XI. Driskell, R.R., Lichtenberger, B.M., Hoste, E., et al. 2013. Distinct Fibroblast Lineages Determine Dermal Architecture In Skin Development And Repair. Nature. Vol 504 (1): 277-281

XII. Rinkevich, Y., Walmsley, G.G., Hu, M.S., et al. 2015. Identification And Isolation Of A Dermal Lineage With Intrinsic Fibrogenic Potential. Science. Vol 348 (6232): 1-33

XIII. Wang, J.F., Dodd, C., Shankowsky, H.A., Scott, P.G., Tredget, E.E., and Grp, W.H.R. 2008. Deep Dermal Fibroblasts Contribute To Hypertrophic Scarring. Lab Invest. Vol 88 (1): 1278-1290

XIV. Ferguson, M. W. J. & Leigh, I. M. 1998 Wound healing. In Rook/Wilkinson/Ebling, textbook of dermatology, 6th edn (ed.R. H. Champion, J. L. Burton, D. A. Burns & S. M.Breathnach), pp. 337–356. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

XV. Cherry, G. W., Hughes, M. A., Leaper, D. J. & Ferguson,M. W. J. 2001 Wound healing, ch. 6. In Oxford text book of surgery, 2nd edn (ed. P. J. Morris & W. C. Wood), pp. 129–159. Oxford University Press

XVI. Shah, M., Foreman, D. M. & Ferguson, M. W. J. 1995 Neutralisation of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 or exogenous addition of TGF-β3 to cutaneous rat wounds reduces scarring. J. Cell Sci. 108, 985–1002.

XVII. Maden, M. & Hind, M. 2004 Retinoic acid in alveolar development, maintenance and regeneration. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 799–808Shah, M., Foreman, D. M. & Ferguson, M. W. J. 1992 Control of scarring in adult wounds by neutralising antibodies to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Lancet 339, 213–214.

XVIII. McKay, R. D. 2004 Stem cell biology and neurodegenerative disease. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 851–856. Roberts AB, Spom MB. The transforming growth factor-&bgr;s. In: Sporn MB, Roberts AB, eds. Peptide growth factors and their receptors I. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1990: 419-72.

XIX. Imokawa, Y., Simon, A. & Brockes, J. P. 2004 A critical role for thrombin in vertebrate lens regeneration. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 765–776. (DOI 10.1098/rstb.2004.1467.)

XX. Shah, M., Foreman, D. M. & Ferguson, M. W. J. 1992 Control of scarring in adult wounds by neutralising antibodies to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Lancet 339, 213–214.

XXI. Roberts AB, Spom MB. The transforming growth factor-&bgr;s. In: Sporn MB, Roberts AB, eds. Peptide growth factors and their receptors I. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1990: 419-72.

XXII. McCartney-Francis N, Mizel D, Wong H, Wahl L, Wahl S. TGF-β; regulates production of growth factors and TFG-&bgr; by human peripheral blood monocytes. Growth Factors 1990; 4: 27-35.

XXIII. Armstrong, J. R. & Ferguson, M. W. J. 1995 Ontogeny of the skin and the transition from scar free to scarring phenotype during wound healing in the pouch young of a marsupial Monodelphis domestica. Devl Biol. 169, 242–260

XXIV. Bayat, A., McGrouther, D. A. & Ferguson, M. W. J. 2003 Skin scarring. BMJ 326, 88–92.

XXV. Ferguson MWJ, Whitby DJ, Shah M, Armstrong J, Siebert JW, Longaker MT. Scar formation: the spectral nature of fetal and adult wound repair. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;97:854-60.

XXVI. Brockes JP, Kumar A, Velloso CP. Regeneration as an evolutionary variable. J Anat 2001;199(Pt 1-2):3-11.

XXVII. Ehrlich HP, Desmouliere A, Diegelmann RF, Cohen IK, Compton CC, Garner WL, et al. Morphological and immunochemical differences between keloid and hypertrophic scar. Am J Pathol 1994;145:105-13.

XXVIII. Cowin AJ, Brosnan MP, Holmes TM, Ferguson MWJ. 1886. Endogenous inflammatory response to dermal wound healing in the fatal and adult mouse. Developmental Dynamics, 212: 385-393

XXIX. Robertson MJ, Erwig LP, Liversidge J, Forrester JV, et al. 2002. Retinal microenvironment controls resident and infiltrating macrophage function during uveorenitis. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 43(7): 2250-2259.

XXX. Fausto, N. 2000. Liver regeneration. Journal of Hepatology, 32(1): 19-31.