Correlation of Maternal Blood Glucose Level to Maternal Delivery and Fetal Outcome in Hasan Sadikin General Hospital
Main Article Content
Abstract
Increase of blood glucose level In pregnant woman correlated with increased risk of maternal morbidity, and problems in labour also affect child outcome. This phenomena cause by physiological changes occur in pregnancy such as placental factor and inflammation factor in circulation. Changes in inflammation factor like tumor nerosis factor (TNF-α) and beta-cell correlated gene disfunction (potassium voltage-gated channel KQT-like 1 (Kcnq1) and glucokinase (Gck)) could affect blood glucose level. Blood glucose control in pregnant woman known to be effective to decrease and prevent complication in mother and fetus, such as preeclampsia, prematurity, low birth weight, and asphyxia baby. This research wish to know correlation of maternal blood glucose level to maternal delivery and fetal outcome.
This research use seconder data from medical records as retrospective cohort study. Subject of this study are pregnant mother which given birth in Hasan Sadikin Hospital (RSHS) sbetween January 2018 – December 2021 and has been performed blood glucose test when first time administered in Hasan Sadikin Hospital. Analitic statistic was performed with contingency correlation test, association test with chi-square and continued with multivariate logistic regression.
From 8996 subjects, positive correlation was founded between high random blood glucose with preeclampsia (r=0.154, p<0.001), premature labour (r=0.020, p=0.052), and low birth weight (r= -0.034, p=0.003). Correlation between random blood glucose and asphyxia was unfounded (r=0.003, p=0.809).
There’s weak positive correlation between random blood glucose to preeclampsia and prematurity incidence. There’s also weak negative correlation between random blood glucose and baby birth weight. Correlation between blood glucose and APGAR score was unfounded.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Buku Ajar Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak. Mulati E, Royati OF, Widyaningsih Y, editors. Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Tenaga Kesehatan; 2014.
II. Koning SH, Hoogenberg K, Lutgers HL, van den Berg PP, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus:current knowledge and unmet needs. Journal of Diabetes. 2016.
III. ACOG. Gestational diabetes mellitus. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2018.
IV. Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018
V. McIntyre HD, Kapur A, Divakar H, Hod M. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—Innovative Approach to Prediction, Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Future NCD—Mother and Offspring. Vol. 11, Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020
VI. McIntyre HD, Catalano P, Zhang C, Desoye G, Mathiesen ER, Damm P. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2019
VII. Kurniawan F. Diabetes Mellitus Gestasional. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. 2017
VIII. Cunningham F, Leveno K, Bloom S, Dashe J, Hoffman B, Casey B, et al. Williams Obstetrics. 25th ed. McGraw Hill; 2018
IX. PERKENI. Pedoman Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Hiperglikemia dalam Kehamilan. PB PERKENI; 2021.
X. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. Pedoman Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa di Indonesia. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. PB PERKENI; 2019
XI. ADA. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019. Diabetes Care . 2019
XII. Church D, Halsall D, Meek C, Parker RA, Murphy HR, Simmons D. Random blood glucose measurement at antenatal booking to screen for overt diabetes in pregnancy: a retrospective study. Diabetes Care. 2011
XIII. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008
XIV. ACOG. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Committee Opinion. Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. 2015 (Reaffirmed 2019) Number 650. 8 pages. Obstet Gynecol. 2020
XV. Lee KW et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Asia: a Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. BMC. 2018
XVI. Kerenyi et al. Maternal Glycemia and Risk of Large For Gestational Age Babies in a Population-Based Screening. Diabetes Care. 2009
XVII. Djomhou et al. Maternal Hyperglycemia During Labor and Related Immediate Post-partum Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes. Journal of Health, Population, Nutrition. 2016
XVIII. Fuka F et al. Factors Associated With Macrosomia, Hypoglycemia and Low APGAR Score. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2020
XIX. Stenhouse E; Wright DE; Millward HBA. Maternal Glucose Levels Influence Birthweight and Catch Up and Catch Down Growth in Large Contemporary Cohort. Diabet Medicine. 2006
XX. Heim KR, Mulla MJ, Potter JA, Han CS, Guller S, Abrahams VM. Excess glucose induce trophoblast inflammation and limit cell migration through HMGB1 activation of Toll-Like receptor 4. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2018 Nov;80(5):e13044.
XXI. Darling AM et al. Maternal Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014
XXII. Spindler MP, Ho AM, Tridgell D, McCulloch-Olson M, Gersuk V, Ni C, Greenbaum C, Sanda S. Acute hyperglycemia impairs IL-6 expression in humans. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2016
XXIII. Lulu Ji, Zhiguo Chen, Yating Xu, Guoping Xiong, Rui Liu, Chao Wu, Hanyang Hu, Lin Wang, Systematic Characterization of Autophagy in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrinology, Volume 158, Issue 8, 1 August 2017
XXIV. Hung TH, Chen SF, Lo LM, Li MJ, Yeh YL, Hsieh TT. Increased autophagy in placentas of intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies. PLoS One. 2012
XXV. Marcovecchio ML. Complications of Acute and Chronic Hyperglycemia. US Endocrinology. 2017