Comprehensive Review of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Techniques, and Treatment Modalities
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a prevalent form of skin cancer arising from the squamous cells of the epidermis. This malignancy primarily affects areas of the body exposed to ultraviolet radiation, but it can also develop in mucosal regions and internal organs. The pathophysiology of SCC involves a complex interplay between genetic mutations, environmental factors, and immune system dysregulation. Clinically, SCC presents with varied manifestations, ranging from indolent, well-differentiated lesions to aggressive, invasive tumors. Diagnostic techniques encompass a range of modalities, including dermoscopy, histopathological examination, and molecular profiling. Treatment strategies for SCC are multifaceted, involving surgical excision, radiation therapy, and emerging immunotherapies. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of SCC, focusing on its pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options, highlighting recent advancements and ongoing research in the field.
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