Tranexamic Acid in the Treatment of Melasma: A Comprehensive Review of Topical, Intradermal, and Oral Administration

Abstract

A malfunction in human melanogenesis called melasma causes the epidermis to become hyperpigmented in certain regions of the body gradually. It significantly affects physical appearance, results in psychological and physiological distress, and diminishes those impacted individuals' quality of living. In order to restrict blood loss, tranexamic acid (TA), a plasmin inhibitor, is used for stopping unusual fibrinolysis. It works by permanently inhibiting lysine binding sites on plasminogen molecules, which prohibits plasminogen activator (PA) from converting plasminogen to plasmin. It seems sense that tranexamic acid might have an impact on keratinocyte association and function because plasminogen is additionally found in human epidermis basal cells and owing to the fact that PA has been shown to be produced by cultivated human keratinocytes. A comprehensive review of the literature demonstrates that although TA is administered by topical, oral, and intradermal injection as well as utilized as an adjuvant therapy Added to the laser therapy to treat melasma, its effectiveness has not been sufficiently proved. To fully understand the function of TA in the management of melasma, additional investigation is required.