Analysis of the Potential of Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L.) and Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) to Reduce the Number of Bacteria in the Oral Cavity
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: poor oral health can be caused by the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Mouthwash is a solution or liquid that can be used to eliminate pathogenic bacteria, thereby preventing halitosis and dental caries. Betel leaf (Piper Betle L.) and Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) have antibacterial inhibition that can reduce the number of bacteria. Differences in concentration and composition in betel leaf and CPC can affect the effectiveness in inhibiting bacterial growth in the oral cavity.
Purpose: to further analyze the potential of betel leaf (Piper Betle L.) and Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) to reduce the number of bacteria in the oral cavity.
Methods: based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a total of fifteen (15) journals were analyzed from the Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed’s and NCBI. The journals that analyzed are regarding an article that discusses the potential of betel leaf and CPC to reduce the number of oral bacteria.
Results: research with gargling using betel leaf and CPC shows that betel leaf are as effective as mouthwash containing CPC in reducing the number of oral bacteria. However, there are studies that state that gargling with mouthwash containing CPC is significantly higher inhibition of bacterial growth compared mouthwash containing betel leaf extract. Conclusion: this review reveals that betel leaf (Piper Betle L.) and Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are equally effective in reducing the number of bacteria in the oral cavity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Alfiyanti D. Oral Hygiene Menggunakan Madu Menurunkan Risiko Pertumbuhan Bakteri di Mulut Melalui Netralisasi pH. Research Coloquium. 2016: 379–385.
II. Phumat P, Khongkhunthian S, Wanachantararak P, Okonogi S. Effects of Piper betle Fractionated Extracts on Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus intermedius. Drug Discov Ther. 2018;12(3):133-4.
III. Esberg A, Sheng N, Mårell L, Claesson R, Persson K, Borén T, et al. Streptococcus Mutans Adhesin Biotypes that Match and Predict Individual Caries Development. EBioMedicine. 2017;24:205–15.
IV. Anas R, Kurniawan, Puspitasari Y. Perbedaan Daya Hambat Antibakteri antara Ekstrak Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) dan Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Jurnal As- Syifaa. 2018; 10(1): 120–4.
V. Sibarani MR. Karies: Etiologi, Karakteristik Klinis dan Tatalaksana.
VI. Majalah Kedokteran UKI. 2014; 30(1): 14-22.
VII. Kemenkes RI. Hasil Utama Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Tersedia di: PowerPoint Presentation (kemkes.go.id) [Diakses 18 Januari 2022].
VIII. Patabang WA, Leman MA, Maryono J. Perbedaan Jumlah Pertumbuhan Koloni Bakteri Rongga Mulut Sebelum dan Sesudah Menggunakan Obat Kumur yang Mengandung Chlorheksidine. Pharmacon J Ilmiah Farmasi. 2016; 5(1): 26-31.
IX. Toar AI, Posangi J, Wowor V. Daya Hambat Obat Kumur Cetylpyridinium Chloride dan Obat Kumur Daun Sirih terhadap Pertumbuhan streptococcus mutans. Biomedik. 2013; 5(1): 163-8.
X. Sari DN, Cholil, Bayu IS. Perbandingan Efektifitas Obat Kumur Bebas Alkohol yang Mengandung Cetylpyridinium Chloride dengan Chlorhexidine terhadap Penurunan Plak. Dentio Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi. 2014; 2(2): 179-183.
XI. Andrianto D, Hermita S, Haryanti S. Classification of Betel Leaves (Piper betle) from 15 Ethnics in Eastern Indonesia based on Phytochemicals Fingerprint Analysis. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 2020;21(1): 252–7.
XII. Pecková R, Doležal K, Sak B, Květoňová D, Kváč M, Nurcahyo W, et al. Effect of Piper betle on Giardia Intestinalis Infection in Vivo. Exp Parasitol. 2018; 4(184): 39-45.
XIII. Novita W. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans Secara in Vitro. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. 2016; 4(2):141-154.
XIV. Rizkita A. Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Sereh Wangi, Sirih Hijau, dan Jahe Merah terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus Mutans. Jurnal UMJ. 2017:1–7.
XV. Yanti GN, Lilianti E. Effectivity of gargling boiled 10% betel leaves water compared to Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash in decreasing oral bacterial. Jurnal PDGI. 2016; 65(1): 1-5.
XVI. Hanum NA, Ismalayani, Syanariah M. Uji Efek Bahan Kumur Air Rebusan Daun Sirih (Piper betle L) terhadap Pertumbuhan Plak. Jurnal kesehatan. 2012; 1(10): 5.
XVII. Singh N. Effectiveness of Green Tea Mouth Rinse Over Combination Mouth Rinse in Restoring Salivary pH Post Sugar Exposure in Children. Journal of scientific research. 2020; 64 (1): 140 - 143.
XVIII. Patabang WA, Leman MA, Maryono J. Perbedaan Jumlah Pertumbuhan Koloni Bakteri Rongga Mulut Sebelum dan Sesudah Menggunakan Obat Kumur yang Mengandung Chlorheksidine. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi – Unsrat. 2016; 5(1): 2302 – 2312.
XIX. Adzakiyah T, Lipoeto I, Kasuma N. Pengaruh Berkumur dengan Larutan Ekstrak Siwak (Salvadora persica) Terhadap pH Saliva Rongga Mulut. Jurnal Sains Farmasi dan Klinis. 2015; 2 (1): 74 -77.
XX. Hervina H. Efek Berkumur dengan Ekstrak Teh Hijau 3% dalam Meningkatkan pH Saliva. Interdental: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi. 2017; 13 (2): 1 - 5.
XXI. Rahmi H, Rachmania RA, Wardani E. Pembuatan Obat Kumur Alami Daun Sirih Bagi Anggota Aisyiyah di PRA Cabang Perumnas I dan Jakasampurna. Jurnal SOLMA. 2019; 8(1): 119-126.
XXII. Nasila K, Shijith KV, Mohammed Shihab KK, Ramya C. A review on cetylpyridinium chloride. International Journal of Research and Review. 2021; 8(4): 439 – 445.
XXIII. Wilis R, Andriani A. Efektifitas Berkumur Rebusan Daun Sirih Dibandingkan Rebusan Daun Saga terhadap Perubahan Derajat Keasaman Air Ludah. Jurnal Action: Aceh Nutrition Journal. 2017; 2(1): 67.
XXIV. Armianty A, Mattulada IK. Efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle Linn) terhadap bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Formerly Jurnal Dentofasial. 2014; 13(1): 17-21.
XXV. Mardiani D, Mediastini E. Uji Efek Antibakteri Rebusan Daun Sirih Merah (Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Farmasetis. 2013; 2 (1): 1–4.
XXVI. Haniastuti T, Asih R. Penurunan Produksi Asam Dan Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus Sobrinus Setelah Terpapar Rebusan Daun Sirih Merah 10%. Dentika Dental Journal. 2013; 17(4): 324–328.