The Comparison Between Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood Levels of Zinc and Copper in Active Labour Versus Elective Caesarean Section
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Multivitamin administration in the periconceptional time was correlated with 16% decrement risk of premature deliveries. This study was aimed to investigate maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of zinc and copper in active labour versus elective caesarean.
Patients and Methods: A case-control study was carried out in Salah Al-deen general hospital form February to September 2020. The study included full term pregnant ladies with active labour or prepared for elective caesarean attending the labour unit in Salah Al-deen general hospital. A total of 60 full term pregnant ladies divided into two groups consist of: (30) women in active vaginal delivery women, and group of (30) women prepared for elective caesarean section. Trace elements’ levels were evaluated utilizing the spectrophotometry.
Results: The mean maternal serum zinc level among vaginal delivery group was (87.45±14.99) μg/dL versus (87.84±13.8) μg/dL among caesarean group. The mean umbilical zinc level among vaginal delivery group was (90.34±22.56) μg/dL and was higher among caesarean group (88.8±31.9) μg/dL. The mean maternal serum copper level among vaginal delivery group (83.82±14.02) μg/dL was lower than among caesarean group (127.57±37.23) μg/dL.
Conclusion: There was higher mean umbilical cord zinc than the maternal zinc level. The mean umbilical cord zinc was lower than the maternal zinc among caesarean group. There was significantly lower mean umbilical cord copper than the maternal copper level among vaginal delivery group and the caesarean group. There was a positive significant correlation between maternal zinc level and umbilical zinc level. There was positive significant correlation between maternal copper level and umbilical copper level. Therefore, trace elements may play an essential function in the human parturition process.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Massari, M.; Novielli, C. et al. Multiple Micronutrients and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Study. 2020; 12: 2432.
II. Grace Chiudzu, Augustine T. Choko, Alfred Maluwa, Sandra Huber, Jon Odland. Maternal Serum Concentrations of Selenium, Copper, and Zinc during Pregnancy Are Associated with Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: A Case-Control Study from Malawi, Journal of Pregnancy. 2020 ;7: 122.
III. K Uma Maheshwari, Rajini Samuel and Balaji Rajagopalan. A study of serum copper levels and its relation to dietary intake among rural pregnant women in Chengalpattu district. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research. 2020; 4 (1): 33-36.
IV. Gomes F, Bergeron G, Bourassa MW, et al. Interventions to increase adherence to micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy: a protocol for a systematic review. 2020;1470(1):25-30.
V. Sheida Shabanian, et al. The effect of zinc supplementation in delayed preterm delivery and biometric of neonates suspected with preterm delivery in mothers suspected of having a preterm delivery. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2020;22(1): 166
VI. Irwinda R, Sungkar A, Surya R, Guinto VT. Trace elements in maternal serum and their relationships with preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. Makara J Health Res. 2020; 24:41-47.
VII. Mineshi Sakamoto, Hing Man Chan, José L. Domingo, Chihaya Koriyama, Katsuyuki Murata. Placental transfer and levels of mercury, selenium, vitamin E, and docosahexaenoic acid in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Environment International, 2018; 111: 309-315.
VIII. Li, Yiu-Tai; Lee, Wen-Ling; Wang, Peng-Hui. Does vitamin supplement use reduce serum levels of some heavy metals and/or trace inorganic elements in pregnant women, Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 2017; 80 (7):389-390.
IX. McKeating, D.R.; Fisher, J.J. Perkins, A.V. Elemental Metabolomics and Pregnancy Outcomes. 2019, 11, 73.
X. David A. et al. A correlation of zinc and copper levels with blood pressure in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. International nternational Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research. 2019;6(1):53-55.
XI. Mohamed, A., El-Omda, F., Abdelfatah, A., Hashish, M. Comparative Study for Serum Zinc and Copper Levels in Cases with Normal Pregnancy Versus Preeclampsia. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2019; 74(5): 1069-1074.
XII. Louis Marcellin, et al. Immune Modifications in Fetal Membranes Overlying the Cervix Precede Parturition in Humans. The Journal of Immunology. 2017,198 (3) 1345-1356
XIII. Tabrizi FM, Pakdel FG. Serum Level of Some Minerals during Three Trimesters of Pregnancy in Iranian Women and Their Newborns. 2014; 29(2): 174–180.
XIV. Jyotsna S. Study of serum zinc in low birth weight neonates and its relation with maternal zinc.Journal of nutrients. 2015; 11: 17-19.
XV. Maduray K, Moodley J, Soobramoney C, et al. Elemental analysis of serum and hair from pre-eclamptic South African women. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2017; 43: 180–186.
XVI. Rahmanian M, Jahed FS, Yousefi B, et al. Maternal serum copper and zinc levels and premature rupture of the foetal membranes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014; 64(7): 770–774.
XVII. Nancy F. Krebs, Betsy Lozoff and Michael K. Georgieff. Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Infancy in Low-Resource Settings. Pediatrics April 2017, 139: 50-58;https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2828G
XVIII. Ota E, Mori R, Middleton P, et al. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(2): 230.
XIX. Ugwuja EI, Nnabu RC, Ezeonu PO, et al. The effect of parity on maternal body mass index, plasma mineral element status and new-born anthropometrics. Afr Health Sci. 2015; 15(3): 986–992.
XX. Bermúdez L, García-Vicent C, López J, et al. Assessment of ten trace elements in umbilical cord blood and maternal blood: association with birth weight. J Transl Med. 2015; 13: 291.
XXI. Curnock, Rachel, and Peter J. Cullen. Mammalian copper homeostasis requires retromer-dependent recycling of the high-affinity copper transporter 1. Journal of cell science. 2020; 133:16.
XXII. Gombart, A.F.; Pierre, A.; Maggini, S. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Journal of Nutrients 2020; 12: 236.
XXIII. Eom, SY., Yim, DH., Huang, M. et al. Copper–zinc imbalance induces kidney tubule damage and oxidative stress in a population exposed to chronic environmental cadmium. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2020; 93: 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019-01490-9
XXIV. Bo, S.; Fadda, M.; Fedele, D.; Pellegrini, M.; Ghigo, E.; Pellegrini, N. A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance. Journal of nutrients 2020; 12: 1161.
XXV. Jyotsna S. Study of serum zinc in low birth weight neonates and its relation with maternal zinc.Journal of nutrients. 2015; 11 : 72.
XXVI. Sajaan Gunarathne, Nuwan Wickramasinghe, Thilini Agampodi, Ruwan Prasanna, Suneth Agampodi, Economic Status, Nutrition and Pregnancy Cost; A Vicious Cycle in Pregnancy, Current Developments in Nutrition. 2020; 4: 996, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_068
XXVII. Brion, L.P., Heyne, R., Steven Brown, L. et al. Zinc deficiency limiting head growth to discharge in extremely low gestational age infants with insufficient linear growth: a cohort study. J Perinatol. 2020; 40: 1694–1704.
XXVIII. Eick, S.M., Welton, M., Claridy, M.D. et al. Associations between gestational weight gain and preterm birth in Puerto Rico. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020; 20: 599.
XXIX. Ramadhani A Noor, Ajibola I Abioye, Anne Marie Darling, Ellen Hertzmark, Said Aboud, Zulfiqarali Premji, Ferdinand M Mugusi, Christopher Duggan, Christopher R Sudfeld, Donna Spiegelman, Wafaie Fawzi, Prenatal Zinc and Vitamin A Reduce the Benefit of Iron on Maternal Hematologic and Micronutrient Status at Delivery in Tanzania, The Journal of Nutrition. 2020; 150 :240–248.https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz242
XXX. Rodríguez-Cano, A.M; Calzada-Mendoza, C.C; Estrada-Gutierrez, G.; Mendoza-Ortega, J.A; Perichart-Perera, O. Nutrients, Mitochondrial Function, and Perinatal Health. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 2166.
XXXI. Taylor, A.A., Tsuji, J.S., Garry, M.R. et al. Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health Criteria for Ingested Copper. Environmental Management.2020; 65: 131–159.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01234-y
XXXII. Taylor, A.A., Tsuji, J.S., Garry, M.R. et al. Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health Criteria for Ingested Copper. Environmental Management.2020; 65: 113.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01234-y
XXXIII. Bermúdez L, García-Vicent C, López J, et al. Assessment of ten trace elements in umbilical cord blood and maternal blood: association with birth weight. J Transl Med. 2015; 13: 187.
XXXIV. Elhadi A, Rayis DA, Abdullahi H, Elbashir LM, Ali NI, Adam I. Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood Levels of Zinc and Copper in Active Labor Versus Elective Caesarean Delivery at Khartoum Hospital, Sudan. Biol Trace Elem Res.2016; 169(1):52-5.
XXXV. S.M. Awadallah et al. Maternal and Cord Blood Serum Levels of Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Healthy Pregnant Jordanian Women. The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine 2004; 17:1–8.
XXXVI. Ofakunrin AOD, et al. Relationship between Maternal Serum Zinc, Cord Blood Zinc and Birth Weight of Term Newborn Infants in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Jos Journal of Medicine 2017;11 (2): 12-2.
XXXVII. Rafał Kocyłowski et al. Evaluation of Mineral Concentrations in Maternal Serum Before and After Birth and in Newborn Cord Blood Postpartum-Preliminary Study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018; 182:217-23.
XXXVIII. Khawla AH et al. EFFECT OF MODE OF DELIVERY ON THE LEVEL OF ZINC COPPER SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2016; 7(4): 825-30.
XXXIX. Lazer T, et al. Trace elements’ concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord plasma at term gestation: a comparison between active labor and elective cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25(3):286–289.
XL. Baig, N. U. Hasnain, Q. Ud-din. Studies on Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca and Phosphorus in maternal and cord blood S. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2003; 53 (9): 417.
XLI. Iwai-Shimada, M., Kameo, S., Nakai, K. et al. Exposure profile of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, copper, selenium and zinc in maternal blood, cord blood and placenta: The Tohoku Study of Child Development in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med.2019; 24: 35.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0783-y
XLII. H. Ahmed and N. Al-Tawil. Rate and indications of cesarean section in the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil City, Kurdistan region, Iraq.Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 22:148-54.
XLIII. Maysoon Jabir.Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research. Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research 2010.