Knowledge and Practice Regarding Self-Medication of Analgesic Drugs of the Students of Nursing Institute

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Self-medication, the practice of individuals treating their own health conditions without consulting a healthcare professional, is a common phenomenon, particularly when it comes to managing pain using analgesic drugs. The knowledge and practice of self-medication with analgesics can have significant implications for individuals' health outcomes and well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the benefits, risks, and responsible use of these medications. Self-medication with analgesics accounts for a significant proportion of over-the-counter medication use. The accessibility and availability of these drugs without a prescription makes them convenient options for individuals seeking relief from common conditions such as headaches, muscle aches, and minor injuries [1]. However, the study also highlighted that improper or excessive use of analgesics can lead to adverse effects and potential drug interactions. A study conducted by Porteous et al. (2020) emphasized the widespread prevalence of self-medication with analgesics, highlighting that it accounts for a significant portion of overthe-counter medication use globally [2]. However, it is essential to approach self-medication with caution and Adequate knowledge. Inadequate knowledge and misconceptions about analgesic drugs can lead to improper use and potential harm. Without a proper understanding of dosage, contraindications, and potential side effects, individuals may inadvertently put themselves at risk [3].
Analgesic drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen (paracetamol), are commonly used for the relief of pain, fever, and inflammation. These medications are readily available in various formulations, including tablets, capsules, creams, and syrups, making them easily accessible for self-medication purposes. The prevalence of self-medication with analgesics is influenced by factors such as cost, convenience, prior knowledge, and cultural norms [4]. Moreover, selfmedication can be particularly beneficial in situations where prompt medical attention is unavailable or inaccessible [5]. Inadequate knowledge about potential contraindications, precautions, and side effects can further contribute to misuse and harm. Additionally, self-medication may mask underlying medical conditions or delay appropriate medical diagnosis and treatment [6]. Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence, patterns, and factors influencing self-medication practices with analgesic drugs. For example, a study conducted by [7] in Portugal found that 85% of the surveyed population engaged in self-medication practices, with analgesics being one of the most commonly used drug classes. Adequate knowledge and understanding of analgesics are essential to ensure their safe and effective use in self-medication practices. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in educating individuals about appropriate analgesic use, raising awareness of potential risks, and promoting responsible self-care practices.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Study design:
This was a cross-sectional type of descriptive study.

Place of study:
This study was carried out at Nursing Institute, Naogaon, Bangladesh.

Duration of the study:
The duration of the study was 8 months from September 2015 to April 2016.

Study population:
The students of the Nursing Institute, Naogaon constituted the study population.

Sample size:
The sample size of the study was 175.
Sampling technique: Purposive sampling technique was followed.

Research question
What is the level of knowledge of students of the Nursing Institute of Naogaon regarding the self-medication of analgesic drugs?

Objectives
The study was carried out with a view to assessing knowledge and practice regarding the self-medication of analgesic drugs of students of the Nursing Institute of Naogaon.

Data collection instrument:
A partially structured questionnaire which was duly pre-tested was used to collect data from the respondents.
Data collection procedure: The researcher herself collected data from the students of the Nursing Institute, Naogaon by face-to-face interview.
Data analysis: After proper verification, data were coded and entered into the computer by using the SPSS program version 25. And central tendency

DISCUSSION
The cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of self-medication with analgesic drugs among nursing students at the Nursing Institute in Naogaon, Bangladesh. The findings are important for understanding the self-treatment practices of this specific population and identifying areas that require intervention and further investigation. The results indicated that the majority of respondents were in the age group of 18-22 years, with a mean age of 19.34±0.95 years. This age distribution is consistent with other studies conducted among young adults and student populations [8].
It is noteworthy that young adults are more likely to engage in self-medication practices, possibly due to their relatively good health and easy access to over-the-counter medications [9]. Regarding the knowledge of self-medication with analgesic drugs, a significant proportion of respondents demonstrated awareness about various aspects of self-medication. Notably, a high percentage (93.71%) of respondents were aware of the concept of self-medication. Similar findings were reported in studies conducted among young adults and university students [10]. This high awareness might be attributed to the prevalence of self-medication practices and the easy availability of analgesic drugs without a prescription. However, despite the overall awareness, there were some gaps in knowledge. For instance, only 53.14% of respondents knew about the vulnerability of long-term NSAID use to kidney failure. This finding is consistent with research highlighting the inadequate understanding of potential risks associated with analgesic use [11]. The lack of awareness about specific risks emphasizes the need for targeted educational interventions to improve knowledge and promote responsible self-medication practices.
The study also explored the self-medication practices among nursing students. It was concerning that a significant portion (67.43%) of respondents reported taking medicine without a doctor's advice. This behavior might be driven by factors such as convenience, prior experience with similar health issues, and familiarity with analgesic drugs [12]. However, this practice can lead to potential harm, especially if individuals lack adequate knowledge about appropriate dosage and potential drug interactions. On the positive side, a considerable number of respondents (89.71%) reported reading literature before purchasing medicine without a prescription. This behavior indicates a proactive approach to seeking information about the medications they use. Encouraging such behavior can contribute to better-informed decisions and safer selfmedication practices [13].
Comparing the findings of this study with existing literature, similar patterns of self-medication practices have been observed among young adults and student populations in other regions [14]. However, the specific knowledge gaps and practices may vary across different cultural contexts and healthcare systems. For example, in a study conducted in Portugal, researchers reported a high prevalence of selfmedication practices, with analgesics being commonly used drugs [15]. These findings highlight the global significance of self-medication with analgesics and the need for tailored educational strategies to address knowledge gaps and promote responsible self-care practices.

CONCLUSION
The study sheds light on the knowledge and practice of selfmedication with analgesic drugs among nursing students in the Nursing Institute, Naogaon, Bangladesh. While the respondents demonstrated awareness of self-medication, specific knowledge gaps and risky practices were identified. analgesic use, and the importance of seeking professional advice. Further research is warranted to explore the reasons behind self-medication practices and to assess the effectiveness of educational interventions in improving knowledge and practices related to analgesic drug use among nursing students and similar populations.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The study recommends implementing educational programs targeting nursing students and young adults to enhance knowledge about self-medication of analgesic drugs, emphasizing responsible practices and potential risks. Health literacy should be promoted to encourage informed decisionmaking and professional consultation should be encouraged before self-medicating. Regular monitoring of selfmedication practices, strengthening regulatory measures, and involving pharmacists in educating individuals about proper analgesic use are essential. Research collaboration, and integrating self-medication education in nursing curricula, and public health campaigns can further improve safe and effective self-medication practices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Professor Dr. Md. Jawadul Haque and Professor Dr. Md. Anayet Ullah from the Department of Public Health at Northern University Bangladesh for their invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the research process. Their expertise and insights have played a crucial role in shaping this study. We are deeply thankful for their constructive feedback and valuable suggestions, which have significantly enhanced the quality of our work. We extend our heartfelt appreciation to all the participants who willingly took part in this study. Their cooperation and willingness to share their knowledge and experiences were instrumental in the successful completion of this research. Without their valuable contributions, this study would not have been possible. We would also like to acknowledge our colleagues and peers who provided support, encouragement, and constructive feedback throughout the research process. Their insights and discussions were invaluable in shaping the direction of this study and improving its overall quality.
To all those who contributed to this research in various capacities, we express our deepest gratitude for being an integral part of this endeavor. Your contributions have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of selfmedication practices among nursing students, and we are truly grateful for your support.